The modern environmental movement traces its roots back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with early conservation efforts led by figures like John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt. Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892, advocating for the preservation of wilderness areas in the United States. Roosevelt, as president, established national parks and forest reserves, setting a precedent for federal protection of natural resources.
The post-World War II era marked a significant shift in environmental activism. The publication of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring in 1962 raised public awareness about the dangers of pesticides, particularly DDT, and its impact on wildlife. This pivotal work catalyzed the modern environmental movement, leading to the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and the first Earth Day celebrations in the same year.
The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of international environmental movements, with the founding of organizations like Greenpeace in 1971, which focused on direct action to address nuclear testing and whaling. The Brundtland Report in 1987 popularized the concept of sustainable development, emphasizing the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection.
The late 20th century brought new issues to the forefront, such as climate change. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro resulted in the adoption of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, laying the groundwork for future international climate agreements. Activism during this period was characterized by grassroots movements, often led by indigenous communities and youth, highlighting social justice in environmental issues.
In the 21st century, climate activism has gained momentum, particularly with the rise of the Fridays for Future movement initiated by Greta Thunberg in 2018. This youth-led movement brought global attention to climate strikes and the urgent need for action. Social media has played a crucial role in mobilizing activists, making the movement more accessible and widespread.
Despite progress, environmental movements continue to face challenges, such as political pushback and the influence of corporate interests. The intersectionality of climate justice, addressing how climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, has become a central theme in contemporary activism. As the movement evolves, it increasingly incorporates diverse voices and perspectives, advocating for a more equitable and sustainable future.