The city of Roma (Rome), the capital of Italy, is one of the most historically significant cities in the world, often referred to as the "Eternal City." Founded in 753 BC, it has a rich tapestry of history, culture, and architectural marvels.
The Roman Forum was the center of ancient Rome's public life, hosting triumphal processions, elections, public speeches, and commercial affairs. The remains of several important ancient government buildings are located here. One little-known fact is that the Temple of Saturn, one of the oldest sacred places in Rome, was used as the state treasury.
The Colosseum is another iconic symbol of Rome. This massive amphitheater could hold up to 80,000 spectators and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. Interestingly, it was originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, named after the Flavian dynasty that constructed it. The name "Colosseum" is believed to have been derived from a colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby.
The Pantheon, originally built as a temple to all the Roman gods, is one of the best-preserved ancient Roman buildings. Its large dome, with a hole at the top known as the oculus, remains the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. An interesting trivia is that the Pantheon was converted into a Christian church in the 7th century, which helped preserve it through the ages.
The Vatican City, an independent city-state enclaved within Rome, is the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church. The Sistine Chapel, famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo, is located here. A less-known fact about the Vatican is that it has its own postal system and issues its own stamps.
The Trevi Fountain is another must-see landmark. Legend has it that if you toss a coin into the fountain, you will be guaranteed a return to Rome. The fountain collects an estimated 3,000 euros daily, which is donated to charity. The fountain is also featured in the classic film "La Dolce Vita."
Campo de' Fiori, translating to "Field of Flowers," is a vibrant square known for its daily market. It was also the site of public executions during the Roman Inquisition. The philosopher Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake here in 1600 for heresy, and a statue in his honor now stands in the square.
Trastevere is a charming neighborhood known for its narrow, cobbled streets and vibrant nightlife. It is one of the few areas in Rome where the medieval character of the city has been preserved. A hidden gem in Trastevere is the Santa Cecilia in Trastevere church, believed to be built over the home of Saint Cecilia, the patroness of musicians.
The Appian Way, one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads, is still in use today. It runs from Rome to Brindisi, a port on the Adriatic Sea. Along the road, you can find the Catacombs of San Callisto, one of the most significant and largest catacombs in Rome.
The Piazza Navona is built on the site of the Stadium of Domitian and is a showcase of Baroque Roman architecture. The square features three fountains, including the famous Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The square was also used for theatrical events and horse races in the past.
The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome was built. It offers a less crowded experience with stunning views of the city. A hidden treasure on this hill is the Keyhole of the Knights of Malta, which perfectly frames the dome of St. Peter's Basilica when peered through.
Another fascinating site is the Capuchin Crypt, located beneath the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini. The crypt contains the skeletal remains of 3,700 Capuchin friars arranged in intricate designs. It serves as a memento mori, reminding visitors of the fleeting nature of life.
The Borghese Gallery, housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, contains an impressive collection of art, including works by Caravaggio, Raphael, and Bernini. A lesser-known fact is that the villa and its gardens were originally designed as a party villa for Cardinal Scipione Borghese, a nephew of Pope Paul V.
The Castel Sant'Angelo, initially commissioned by Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family, was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle. The structure is connected to the Vatican by the Passetto di Borgo, a covered fortified corridor used by the popes as an escape route in times of danger.
Lastly, the Basilica di San Clemente is notable for its three historical layers: a 12th-century basilica built on top of a 4th-century church, which in turn was built over a 1st-century Roman house. This site offers a unique glimpse into the historical stratification of Rome.
In summary, Rome's rich history and hidden gems continue to captivate and inspire visitors from around the world. Each corner of the city holds a piece of the past, waiting to be discovered.